You can't really use SharpDX if you don't know / understand DirectX, DXGI, Direct2D. Also you talk about the "future", but SharpDX is no longer active since 2 years https://github.com/sharpdx/SharpDX.

Your code has two problems:

• you recreate a device (with a swap chain) and use the D2D device context from the first device
• you don't need to specify the properties when creating the bitmap, they are implicit from the underlying DXGI surface

This is a code that should work:

// create D3D device & (DXGI) swap chain
var scd = new SwapChainDescription()
{
    BufferCount = 1,
    Flags = SwapChainFlags.None,
    IsWindowed = true,
    ModeDescription = new ModeDescription(panel1.ClientSize.Width, panel1.ClientSize.Height, new Rational(60, 1), Format.R8G8B8A8_UNorm),
    OutputHandle = panel1.Handle, // make sure this is not IntPtr.Zero
    SampleDescription = new SampleDescription(1, 0),
    SwapEffect = SwapEffect.Discard,
    Usage = Usage.RenderTargetOutput
};

SharpDX.Direct3D11.Device.CreateWithSwapChain(
    DriverType.Hardware,
    DeviceCreationFlags.Debug | DeviceCreationFlags.BgraSupport,
    scd,
    out device,
    out swapChain);

// get swap chain backbuffer
var backBuffer = swapChain.GetBackBuffer<Surface>(0);

// create DXGI & D2D devices context
var dxgiDevice = device.QueryInterface<SharpDX.DXGI.Device2>();
var d2dDevice = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.Device(dxgiDevice);
d2dContext = new SharpDX.Direct2D1.DeviceContext(
    d2dDevice,
    DeviceContextOptions.None);

// create target
d2dTarget = new Bitmap1(d2dContext, backBuffer);