You need to use the VisualTreeHelper Class to traverse the visual tree. Here is a C++/WinRT utility to walk the parents recursively:

template <typename T>
T GetParent(DependencyObject obj)
{
    if (!obj)
        return nullptr;

    auto parent = Microsoft::UI::Xaml::Media::VisualTreeHelper::GetParent(obj);
    if (!parent)
        return nullptr;

    auto parentAs = parent.try_as<T>();
    if (parentAs)
        return parentAs;

    return GetParent<T>(parent);
}

And it's C# counterpart for what it's worth:

public static T GetParent<T>(DependencyObject obj) => (T)GetParent(obj, typeof(T));
public static object GetParent(DependencyObject obj, Type type)
{
    if (obj == null)
        return null;

    var parent = VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(obj);
    if (parent == null)
        return null;

    if (type.IsAssignableFrom(parent.GetType()))
        return parent;

    return GetParent(parent, type);
}

So you would call it like this:

void MainWindow::Button_Click(IInspectable const& sender, RoutedEventArgs const&)
{
    auto listView = GetParent<Controls::ListView>(sender.try_as<DependencyObject>());
}