A file/directory name cannot be "localized". But Windows has a specific Known Folders API that you can use to determine a known folder's localized name in any supported/installed Windows language.

Once you get an IKnownFolder COM reference, you can use the IKnownFolder::GetFolderDefinition method to get its pszLocalizedName. It's usually in a form like this: @%SystemRoot%\system32\windows.storage.dll,-21790

From this string you can use the SHLoadIndirectString function which will automatically determine the localized value using the current thread's UI language.

Here is a complete sample code:

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <propkey.h>
#include <shlwapi.h>
#include <Shlobj.h>

#pragma comment(lib, "propsys.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "shlwapi.lib")

void ShowPropName(REFPROPERTYKEY key)
{
    IPropertyDescription* desc;
    PSGetPropertyDescription(key, IID_PPV_ARGS(&desc));
    if (desc)
    {
        WCHAR* name;
        desc->GetDisplayName(&name);
        if (name)
        {
            wprintf(L"Property Name <%s>\n", name);
            CoTaskMemFree(name);
        }
        desc->Release();
    }
}

void ShowKnownFolderName(REFKNOWNFOLDERID id)
{
    IKnownFolderManager* mgr;
    CoCreateInstance(CLSID_KnownFolderManager, nullptr, CLSCTX_ALL, IID_PPV_ARGS(&mgr));
    if (mgr)
    {
        IKnownFolder* folder;
        mgr->GetFolder(id, &folder);
        if (folder)
        {
            KNOWNFOLDER_DEFINITION def;
            if (SUCCEEDED(folder->GetFolderDefinition(&def)) && def.pszLocalizedName)
            {
                WCHAR localizedName[256];
                SHLoadIndirectString(def.pszLocalizedName, localizedName, _countof(localizedName), nullptr);
                wprintf(L"Folder Name <%s>\n", localizedName);
            }
            folder->Release();
        }
        mgr->Release();
    }
}

int main()
{
    LANGID nLangPC;
    LANGID nLang2;

    CoInitialize(nullptr);

    nLang2 = 0x040C; // french
    nLangPC = GetThreadUILanguage();

    wprintf(L"\n------- 0x%04X ------------\n", nLang2);

    SetThreadUILanguage(nLang2);
    ShowPropName(PKEY_FileName);
    ShowKnownFolderName(FOLDERID_Music);

    wprintf(L"\n------- 0x%04X ------------\n", nLangPC);

    SetThreadUILanguage(nLangPC);
    ShowPropName(PKEY_FileName);
    ShowKnownFolderName(FOLDERID_Music);

    CoUninitialize();
    return 0;
}